![]() 27 Children in the potential ASD group were additionally administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 28 and their caregivers were administered the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. All children were administered an in-person general developmental assessment, the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Additionally, children who had a previous ASD diagnosis or special education classification were considered potential ASD cases regardless of their SCQ scores. Children with scores ≥11 were considered potential ASD cases regardless of their initial classification. 25 After enrollment, mothers of all children were administered the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) 26 to screen for ASD symptoms in their child. Although children were initially identified as eligible for 1 of the 3 study groups, final study classification was determined by standardized research developmental assessment results. This analysis included children from all 3 study groups (ASD, DD, and POP) who were not missing data on pica. Because most studies in this review were limited to severe cases of pica resulting in intervention, the total prevalence of pica is likely higher than reported in these studies. In a literature review conducted by Matson et al, 1 pica prevalence estimates in children or adults with ASD and/or ID ranged from 4% to 26% the highest estimates were found in populations that were institutionalized because of their disabilities. Neumeyer et al 23 assessed children with ASD who were treated at 15 Autism Treatment Network sites they reported pica prevalence was 3.0% in children 6 years old. In their prospective population-based cohort study, Emond et al 22 reported that children who were eventually diagnosed with ASD were more likely to have increased pica behavior at 38 and 54 months (12.3% and 12.5%, respectively) than controls (2.3% and 0.7%). ![]() 2, 3, 14– 21 In few studies has pica prevalence in individuals with ASD been systematically assessed. Available information is primarily from published case series and reports. It is not unusual to notice that younger children are frequently eating nonnutritive substances.Ĭopyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.However, studies of pica in individuals with ASD and other developmental disabilities (DDs) are limited. It is important to understand that in order to diagnose pica, the individual must be at least 2 years of age. Pica usually occurs as an isolated disorder but there are instances when it may co-exist with schizophrenia, OCD, and trichotillomania. In some parts of the world, the consumption of non-nutritive substances is culturally accepted. In women, it is most often seen during pregnancy. The nature of ingested items is variable, including but not limited to earth (geophagy), raw starches (amylophagy), ice (pagophagia), charcoal, ash, paper, chalk, cloth, baby powder, coffee grounds, and eggshells.Īlthough pica is seen in children, it is also a common eating disorder in patients who are intellectually impaired. ![]() For diagnosis, the behavior must persist for at least one month, not be in keeping with the child's developmental stage (and age cut off of 24 months or more is suggested by DSM V), and not be socially normative or culturally acceptable behavior. The term is derived from "pica-pica," the Latin word for the magpie bird, because of the bird's indiscriminate gathering and eating a variety of objects for the sake of curiosity. ![]() The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines pica as eating nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least one month.
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